Islam And The West – We Are Culturally Closer Than We Accept

After reading an article from the archives of Salon.com entitled “Why Americans can’t find Islam on the Map” by Salon senior writer Eric Boehlert, I was particularly incensed not because Americans can’t find Islam. It was the date of the article September 21/01 that incensed me. Almost five years has gone by and yet Western civilization remains unfamiliar with the Arab regions.

In Boehlert’s article, he cites Charles Kimball, chairman of the department of religion at Wake Forest University, and an Islamic scholar. “Most people have a detailed ignorance of the Middle East. They have all these images and details in their head but little coherence or understanding.”

I find that is as true to today as it was five years ago. Put simply, we have been misguided. The media paints a grim picture based on propaganda and hardcore documentation and leaves us confused, fearful of the unknown. The truth is that we are culturally closer than we accept.

The shaping of our mathematics can be attributed to Al-Khwarizmi (c.780-c.850), the chief librarian of the observatory, research center and library called the House of Wisdom in Baghdad. His treatise, “Hisab al-jabr w’al-muqabala” (“Calculation by Restoration and Reduction), which covers linear and quadratic equations, solved trade imbalances, inheritance questions and problems arising from land surveyance and allocation. In passing, he also introduced into common usage our present numerical system, which replaced the old, cumbersome Roman one.

Without Arabian improvements upon the compass, the astrolabe, nautical maps and seaworthy lanterns, Magellan, Cabot, Vasco da Gama, Columbus, et al., might have had trouble pulling anchor and leaving port. The Arabs also pioneered the usage of hydraulic presses and water clocks, which tracked the passage of time and phases of the moon.

The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayym is certainly one the most famous works of Arabic translation in the English language. In his seminal “Algebra”, Khayym attempted a fusion of algebraic and geometric methods, discussing the solution of cubic equations by geometric means, anticipating analytical geometry. Khayym also dabbled in astronomy, his lunar calculations leading him to reform the calendar in 1079.

The first madrassas in Spain, in Malaga, Zaragoza and Cordoba, which later evolved into universities, started in the 11th century. The foundation of DamascusUniversity dates back to the 8th century.

Our modern-day idioms have roots steeped in the Arabic language. Dragoman, a wonderfully resonant word, meaning an interpreter or guide in Eastern countries, derives from the Arabic verb tarjama, to translate. It is one among thousands of lexical items in English that derive from an Arabic translation. Others include admiral, alfalfa, algebra, banana, carafe, giraffe, mohair, sofa, sugar and zero.

An agricultural crop such as the watermelon is one of the many crops the Arabs introduced to the West. Others include artichokes, rice, cotton, asparagus, oranges (from “naranj”), lemons, limes, figs, dates, spinach and eggplants.

“The written record of the Qur’an was an amazingly important event in the history of the Middle East, because it required an enormous amount of research on language and genealogy, and the development of critical methods for assessing the accuracy of reports. All that went into the formulation of Islamic law and theology. With the revelation of the Qur’an in 622 A.D., and the founding of Islam, Arabia underwent radical changes. Previously nomadic communities were unified into courts run by caliphs, the civil and religious heads of the Muslim state. Systems of trade and taxation were established, a confederated army replaced the tribal one, and a centralized empire was formed. By the late ninth century, Islam had become the principal faith of a dominion that extended from the western Mediterranean into Central Asia. The written record of the Qur’an, meaning “recitation” or “recitations,” led to a shift from the oral tradition to a written one, which had a dramatic impact on the culture from literary composition to law to philology.

Islam was the first major religion, certainly the first monotheistic one, to practice religious tolerance. As rulers they were lenient, even generous (unlike the Germanic tribes that ravaged the late Roman Empire). Besides, Jews and Christians were “People of the Book” – Islam borrowed much from its elders; Abraham, Moses and Christ are recognized prophets in the Koran. As long as they paid their tithe to the Caliph and kept out of trouble, Jews were free to do as they wished. “Holy Toledo,” the meeting point of the three great religions, became a model of religious tolerance and harmony – an idyll that ended when the Christian kings of the north recaptured it in 1085. (Until the rise of Holland in the 17th century, if you were Jewish it was generally better for your overall health and well-being to live in Muslim lands such as North Africa, the Levant or Turkey, than almost anywhere in Christendom, particularly those places where Catholicism prevailed. French missionaries are to blame for introducing the virus of anti-Semitism to the Middle East in the 19th century.) Of the three great thinkers who flourished under Islamic rule, one was non-Muslim, Maimonides of Cordoba (1135-1204), author of “The Guide for the Perplexed,” who was Jewish. Like Avicenna and his fellow Cordoban, Averroes, Maimonides attempted to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy with religious belief.

With such a rich historical path, how is that we have forgotten this once grand empire. The answer may lie in the cyclical nature of history. If this is so, we should take heed now. We are culturally closer than we accept!

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Our also taught to his followers that children should be given good names. That meaningless name, those having unsavory and unpleasant connotations should be avoided. He has asked to avoid to give people bad names, we can obey our prophet by giving our children good names, which could not be abused or have bad meanings. He has said, “Keep the names of the noble Prophets, Allah loves most the names Abdullah and Abdul Rahman. The most truthful names are Harith and Humam, while the most disliked are Harb and Murrah (war and bitter).”

Another aspect of a person’s name is that it bespeaks a person’s religion. Hence the name of a Muslim is usually of such a nature that by the mere mention of it, the listener understands that the person so addressed, is a Muslim. It is for this reason that our elders laid great emphasis on keeping good and pleasant names.

We have to make sense out of all names of Muslims; to understand the structure of Islamic names; Islamic Names Directory is a really effective resource. Islamic names in the Islamic religion consisted of a single given name, generally in combination with one or more by Islamic names. In Islam there are several different kinds of by Islamic names that are used with different terms. Each of these Islamic names is described separately.

The Islamic name of an individual includes one or several of these types of by Islamic names; the number of by Islamic names is dependent on different things on how important the Muslim person is, and how important the names are.

A given Islamic name three categories generally: an unknown Islamic name, a traditional Islamic name, or a historical Islamic name. An unknown Islamic name is a new one which is uncommon or unpopular depends on the region. A traditional Islamic name is well-known and being used by so many people that everyone heard it many times. A historical Islamic name is related with the history of Islam so it is become a part of Islamic history.

Some of the Islamic names are used as family name like Jarar is a family names and each son belongs to this family will have Jarar the second name. There and many more family names like that. These family names are used either in place of the generation rather than in addition to it. These family names often are become very popular like so many people would have the same second name.

Some of the Psychologists now came to the conclusion that a person’s name has effects on his life. But Muhammad(PBUH) had discovered the fact, and conveyed to his followers already 1400 years ago.

But since the globalization widespread, Western culture throughout the world, it has become customary amongst Muslims not to take into connivance the meaning of the name when naming a child. Many do not even bother to ascertain whether it is permissible for one to keep such a name or not.

Wallpaper is use to make computer desktop colorful and attractive. Different kind of people use different Wallpapers. Websites are providing with the Islamic Wallpapers and Islamic picture here.

There are many site where you can find free Islamic wallpapers and Islamic Pictures which may be helpful in reviving our glorious past and shining future. These sites are providing a collection of Makkah wallpapers and Masjid Nabvi Wallpaper. The muslim wallpaper collection of the buildings historical mosques, and holy tombs (mazars) of the great people , and holy tombs (mazars) of the great people of the Islamic world. We are trying to provide best numbers of free wallpaper, desk top wallpaper mean computer wallpaper.

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“To you be your religion, to me be mine.”

The Arabian Peninsula during the time of the Prophet was a region in which various faiths were present. There were Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, polytheists, and others not affiliated with any religion. When one looks into the life of the Prophet, one may draw on many examples to portray the high level of tolerance shown to people of other faiths.
In order to understand and judge this tolerance, one must look into the period in which Islam was a formal state, with the specific laws laid down by the Prophet in accordance with the tenets of religion. Even though one can observe many examples of tolerance shown by the Prophet in the thirteen years of his stay in Mecca, one may incorrectly think that it was only due to seeking to raise the profile of the Muslims and the social status of Islam and in general. For this reason, the discussion will be limited to the period which commenced with the migration of the Prophet to Medina, and specifically once the constitution was set.

The Saheefah

The best example of the tolerance shown by the Prophet to other religions may be the constitution itself, called the ‘Saheefah’ by early historians.[1] When the Prophet migrated to Medina, his role as a mere religious leader ended; he was now the political leader of a state, governed by the precepts of Islam, which demanded that clear laws of governance be laid out to ensure harmony and stability in a society which once had been distraught by decades of war, one which must ensure the peaceful coexistence of Muslims, Jews, Christians and polytheists. Due to this, the Prophet laid down a ‘constitution’ which detailed the responsibilities of all parties which resided in Medina, their obligations towards each other, and certain restrictions which were placed on each. All parties were to obey what was mentioned therein, and any breach of its articles was regarded as an act of treachery.

One Nation

The first article of the constitution was that all the inhabitants of Medina, the Muslims as well as those who had entered the pact from the Jews, Christian, and idolaters, were “one nation to the exclusion of all others.” All were considered members and citizens of Medina society regardless of religion, race, or ancestry. People of other faiths were protected from harm as much as the Muslims, as is stated in another article, “To the Jews who follow us belong help and equity. He shall not be harmed nor his enemies be aided.” Previously, each tribe had their alliances and enemies within and without Medina. The Prophet gathered these different tribes under one system of governance which upheld pacts of alliances previously in existence between those individual tribes. All tribes had to act as a whole with disregard to individual alliances. Any attack on other religion or tribe was considered an attack on the state and upon the Muslims as well.

The lives of the practitioners of other religions in the Muslim society was also given protective status. The Prophet said:

“Whoever kills a person who has a truce with the Muslims will never smell the fragrance of Paradise.” (Saheeh Muslim)

Since the upper hand was with the Muslims, the Prophet strictly warned against any maltreatment of people of other faiths. He said:

“Beware! Whoever is cruel and hard on a non-Muslim minority, or curtails their rights, or burdens them with more than they can bear, or takes anything from them against their free will; I (Prophet Muhammad) will complain against the person on the Day of Judgment.” (Abu Dawud)
To Each Their Own Religion

In another article, it states, “the Jews have their religion and the Muslims have theirs.” In this, it is clear that anything other than tolerance would not be tolerated, and that, although all were members of a society, each had their separate religion which could not be violated. Each was allowed to practice their beliefs freely without any hindrances, and no acts of provocation would be tolerated.

There are many other articles of this constitution which may be discussed, but emphasis will be placed on an article which states, “If any dispute or controversy likely to cause trouble should arise, it must be referred to God and His Messenger.” This clause maintained that all inhabitants of the state must recognize a higher level of authority, and in those matters which involved various tribes and religions, justice could not be meted out by individual leaders; rather it must be adjudicated by the leader of the state himself or his designated representatives. It was allowed, however, for individual tribes who were not Muslims, to refer to their own religious scriptures and their learned men in regards to their own personal affairs. They could though, if they opted, ask the Prophet to judge between them in their matters. God says in the Quran:

“…If they do come to you, either judge between them or decline to interfere…” (Quran 5:42)

Here we see that Prophet allowed each religion to judge in their own matters according to their own scriptures, as long as it did not stand in opposition to articles of the constitution, a pact which took into account the greater benefit of the peaceful co-existence of the society.

The Pleasures of this world are transient whilst the joys of the hereafter are lasting and eternal.  In this life when a person enjoys something, it is only a short while before they get bored with it and proceed to search for something they feel is better, or they may not feel a need for it altogether.  As for the delights of Paradise, a person will never feel bored with anything, but rather, its goodness will increase each time they indulge in it.

Also, the life of this world is very short.  Humans only live on this earth for a short while, and very few people reach the age of seventy.

“…Say: Short is the enjoyment of this world.  The Hereafter is (far) better for him who fears God…” (Quran 4:77)

As for Paradise, people will live forever.  God says:

“…its provision is eternal and so is its shade…” (Quran 13:35)

“What is with you must vanish, and what is with God will endure …” (Quran 16:96)

“(It will be said to them): This is Our Provision, which will never finish” (Quran 38:54)

Superior Delights

The delights of the people of Paradise, such as their clothing, food, drink, jewelry and palaces, will be far superior to their counterparts in this world.  There is in fact no room for comparison, as even the smallest space in Paradise is better than this world and all that is in it.  The Prophet Muhammad, may the mercy and blessings of God be upon him, said:

“The space of the bow of any one of you in Paradise is better than all that the sun rises upon” (Mishkaat al-Masaabeeh 3/85, no. 5615)

Free from all Impurities

Paradise is free from all the impurities of this world.  Eating and drinking in this life results in the need for excretion and its associated unpleasant odors.  If a person drinks wine in this world, he loses his mind.  Women in this world menstruate and give birth, which are sources of pain and hurt.  Paradise is free from all of these discomforts: its people will not urinate, defecate, spit or suffer from catarrh.  The wine of Paradise, as described by its Creator, is:

“Crystal-white, delicious to those who drink (thereof), free from intoxication, nor will they suffer intoxication therefrom” (Quran 37:46-47)

The water of Paradise does not become brackish, and its milk never changes in flavor:

“…rivers of water incorruptible; rivers of milk of which the taste never changes…” (Quran 47:15)

The women of Paradise are pure and free from menstruation, postnatal bleeding and all the other impurities suffered by women in this world, and all are free from stool and feces.  God says:

“…and they shall have therein purified mates…” (Quran 2:25)

The prophet answered a person when they asked how the people of Paradise will relieve themselves:

“They relieve themselves by perspiring through their skins, and its fragrance will be that of musk, and all stomachs will have become lean.” (ibn Hibbaan)

What we have mentioned has been a mere comparison in order to understand the nature of Paradise, but as God said, its delights are truly hidden:

“No person knows what is kept hidden for them of joy, as a reward for what they used to do.” (Quran 32:17)

Paradise: There is Nothing Like It

The delights of Paradise surpass the imagination and defy description.  They are like nothing known to the people of this world; no matter how advanced we may become, what we achieve is as nothing in comparison with the joys of the Hereafter.  As is mentioned in several reports, there is nothing like Paradise:

“It is sparkling light, aromatic plants, a lofty palace, a flowing river, ripe fruit, a beautiful wife and abundant clothing, in an eternal abode of radiant joy, in beautiful soundly-constructed high houses”. (Ibn Maajah, Ibn Hibbaan)

The Sahabah asked the Prophet about the buildings of Paradise and he replied with a wonderful description:

“Bricks of gold and silver, and mortar of fragrant musk, pebbles of pearl and sapphire, and soil of saffron.  Whoever enters it is filled with joy and will never feel miserable; he will live there forever and never die; their clothes will never wear out and their youth will never fade.” (Ahmad, at-Tirmidhi, ad-Daarimee)

God says:

“And when you look there (in Paradise) you will see a delight (that cannot be imagined), and a great dominion.” (Quran 76:20)

What God has kept hidden from us the delights of Paradise is beyond our ability to comprehend.  The Prophet said that God said:

“I have prepared for My slaves what no eye has seen, no ear has heard and no human heart can imagine.”  Recite if you wish:

“No person knows what is kept hidden for them of joy as a reward for what they used to do.” (Quran 32:17)

In another report:

“Never mind what God has told you; what He has not told you is even greater.” (Saheeh Muslim)

In other articles, we will attempt to mention some of the specific details of Paradise and the delights therein described to us by God and His last Prophet.

He is the third caliph who ruled from 644 (age 69-70 years) to 656 (for 11-12 years). Also a friend of the prophet who has a very shy nature.

Utsman bin Affan was the companion of the Prophet and also the third caliph in first four caliphs. He was known as a wealthy merchant and economist reliable but very generous. Many of the economic assistance given to Muslims at the beginning of the message of Islam. He earned the nickname which means that Dzunnurain has two lights. The nickname was acquired because Uthman had married the daughter of the second and third of the Rasullah Saw Ruqayah and Ummi Kulthum.
Utsman bin Affan was born in 574 AD by the Umayyah. He mother’s name was Arwa bint Rabiah ibn Kuriz. He converted to Islam on the invitation of Abu Bakr and belonged Assabiqunal Awwalun (the ones who first embraced Islam). Prophet himself describes as Utsman bin Affan the most honest person and humility among the Muslims. Narrated by Imam Muslim that Aisha asked the Prophet, “Abu Bakar entered, but you always have and do not give special attention, and then Umar went too casual you and not give special attention. But when you entered Utsman continued to sit and fix the clothes, why? “Rasullullah replied,” Did I not ashamed of those who have embarrassed him an angel? ”

At first the calls migrate to Rasullullah Saw Habbasyiah due to the increased pressure of the Quraysh against the Muslims, Uthman, with his wife and other Muslims call the meeting and move to Habbasyiah until the pressure subsided from the Quraysh. Not long lived in Mecca, Utsman followed the Prophet Muhammad to migrate to Medina. In the event Hudaibiyah, Utsman sent by Rasullullah to meet Abu Sufyan of Mecca. Utsman ordered the Prophet to assert that the group of Medina will serve only in the Kaaba, and then immediately returned to Medina, not to fight the people of Mecca.

At Dzatirriqa War and the War raged Ghatfahan, which led the war Rasullullah Saw, Utsman believed Medina mayor. Tabuk War, Utsman 1000 donated camels and 70 horses, plus private donations in 1000 dirhams for war Tabuk, it is equal to one-third the cost of the war. Uthman ibn Affan also show generosity when buying a spring called house of a tribal man Ghifar for 35,000 dirhams. He springs to wakafkan common people’s interests. In the reign of Abu Bakar, Utsman also gave wheat transported by camel in 1000 to help the poor who suffer in the dry season.

After the death of Umar bin Khattab as the second caliph, Get the celebration to pick the next caliph. There were six candidates proposed by the Caliph Ali bin Abi Talib, Utsman ibn Affan, Abdurrahman bin Auf, Saad bin Abi Waqas, Al-Zubair and Talha bin bin Awwam Ubaidillah. Next Abdurrahman bin Auff, Sa’ad bin Abi Waqas, Al-Zubair bin Awwam, and Talha bin Ubaidillah resigned to just Utsman and Ali was left. Voice of the moment tend to choose the third Caliph Utsman. So Utsman was appointed 70-year-old became the third caliph, and the oldest, and the first selected from several candidates. This happened in the month of Muharram 24 AH Utsman became caliph in Islam when the government has actually established and structured.

He is the first caliphs who expanded the mosque of al-Haram (Mecca) and the Nabawi Mosque (Medina) because of increasingly crowded Muslims who perform the five pillars of Islam (pilgrimage). He sparked the idea of security police for his people; create a special building for the court and prosecuting cases previously done in the mosque; agricultural building, conquered Syria, North Africa, Persia, Khorasan, Palestine, Cyprus, Rodhes, and also forms a strong navy. The greatest merit is the time issued a policy to collect the Qur’an in one Mushaf.

During his tenure, the governor replaced Uthman many areas that do not fit or less competent and menggantikaannya with people who are more credible. But this makes a lot of heartache officials revealed that they conspired to kill the Caliph. Caliph Utsman then besieged by the rebels for 40 days starting from the month of Ramadan until Dzulhijah. Although Utsman has the power to remove the rebels, but he was principled to not shed the blood of Muslims. Utsman eventually died as a martyr in 35 H Dzulhijah when the rebels managed to enter his house and killed Uthman when he was reading the Qur’an. Just like what the Rasullullah Mustafa Utsman about the martyr’s death later. He was buried in Baqi cemetery in Medina.

“And give good news (O Muhammad) to those who believe and do good deeds, that they will have gardens (Paradise) in which rivers flow….” (Quran 2:25)

God has also said:

“Race one with another for forgiveness from your Lord and for Paradise, whose width is as the width of the heavens and the earth, which has been prepared for those who believe in God and His messengers….” (Quran 57:21)

The Prophet Muhammad, may the mercy and blessings of God be upon him, told us that the lowest in rank among the dwellers of Paradise will have ten times the like of this world, and he or she will have whatever he or she desires and ten times like it. Also, the Prophet Muhammad said: “A space in Paradise equivalent to the size of a foot would be better than the world and what is in it.” He also said: “In Paradise there are things which no eye has seen, no ear has heard, and no human mind has thought of.” He also said: “The most miserable man in the world of those meant for Paradise will be dipped once in Paradise. Then he will be asked, ‘Son of Adam, did you ever face any misery? Did you ever experience any hardship?’ So he will say, ‘No, by God, O Lord! I never faced any misery, and I never experienced any hardship.’”
If you enter Paradise, you will live a very happy life without sickness, pain, sadness, or death; God will be pleased with you; and you will live there forever. God has said in the Quran:

“But those who believe and do good deeds, We will admit them to gardens (Paradise) in which rivers flow, lasting in them forever….” (Quran 4:57)

Birth

Abu Bakar’s wife Aisha’s father from the Prophet Muhammad. His name actually is Abdul Kaaba (meaning ‘servant of the Kaaba’), which later changed by the Prophet to be Abdullah (meaning ‘servant of God’. Prophet Muhammad also gave him the title of Ash-Siddiq (meaning ‘who is telling the truth’), so he is better known as Abu Bakar al-Siddiq.
Embrace to Islam

Abu Bakar was born in Mecca of the descendants of Bani Tamim (Attamimi), Quraish tribe. Based on the few Islamic historians, he was a merchant, a judge with a high position, an educated and believed to be the person who can interpret dreams.

Become Caliph

During Prophet Muhammad’s illness when on his deathbed, said that Abu Bakar was named to the prayer place, many who consider this as an indication that Abu Bakar would take his place. Immediately after his death (632), conducted consultation among the leaders of the Ansar and immigrants in Medina, which eventually led to the appointment of Abu Bakar as the new leader of the Muslims or the Islamic caliphate.

What happens when the meeting became a source of debate. The appointment of Abu Bakar as the Caliph is a very controversial subject and a source of the first division in Islam, where Muslims split into Sunnis and Shiites. On one side of the Shiites believe that it should be Ali ibn Abi Talib (Muhammad’s daughter) is a leader and believe this is the decision of the Prophet Muhammad himself as the Sunni argued that the Prophet Muhammad refused to appoint his successor. The Sunni argued that the Messenger of discussion put forward for appointment of temporary leader of Shi’ites Muslims argue that the Messenger of God in the smallest things like before and after eating, drinking, sleeping, etc., never left his people without the guidance and leadership issues guidance especially last people . and also many hadiths in Sunni and Shi’ite caliph after the death of whom the Messenger of Allah, and the number of Islamic leaders of twelve. Regardless of the controversy and the truth of each of them, Ali himself formally declaring his loyalty (pledge allegiance) to Abu Bakar and the two caliphs after (Umar ibn al-Khattab and Uthman ibn Affan). The Sunni describes this statement as a statement that Ali became enthusiastic and loyal supporters of Abu Bakar and Umar. While the Shi’ites do illustrate that the Ali baiat the pro forma, since he baiat after after the death of his wife Fatimah months and months and after that he showed a protest by closing themselves from public life.

Ridda War

Immediately after the succession of Abu Bakar, a number of problems that threaten the unity and stability of the community and Islamic countries when it comes. Several Arab tribes originating from the Hijaz and insubordination to the Deputy Nejed new and existing systems. Some of them refused to pay zakat while not reject the religion of Islam as a whole. Some other re-embrace religion and old traditions of idolatry. The tribes claim that only a commitment to the Prophet Muhammad and his commitment to his death no longer valid. Based on this, Abu Bakar declared war against those known by the name Ridda war. In the war’s biggest battle is Ridda fight “Ibn Habib al-Hanafi” better known by the name Musailamah Al-Kazab (Musailamah the liar), who claimed himself as a new prophet to replace the Prophet Muhammad. Musailamah then defeated in battle Akraba by Khalid bin Walid.

Expedition to the north

After stabilizing the internal situation and in full control of the Arab, Abu Bakar ordered the generals of Islam against the Byzantine Empire and the Sassanid Empire. Khalid bin Walid conquered Iraq with ease while the expedition to Syria was also successful.

Qur’an

Abu Bakar also play a role in the preservation of the written texts of the Qur’an. It is said that after a very difficult victory against Musailamah in Ridda war, many Qur’an penghafal participating killed in battle. Abu Bakar then Umar ibn al-Khattab asked to gather a collection of the Qur’an. Once complete this collection, gathered from penghafal the Qur’an and the writings contained in the written media such as bone, skin, etc., by a team headed by Zaid ibn Thabit Companions, then kept by Hafsa, daughter of Umar and also the wife of the Prophet Muhammad. Then in the reign of Uthman ibn Affan became the basis of this collection of writing text to the Qur’an, known until today.

Background

He has the full name of ibn Umar bin Abdul Nafiel Uzza, born in Mecca, the Banu Adi, one of the Quraysh tribe family. His parents named Nufail bin Al Khattab Mahzumi Al Quraisyi and Hantamah binti Hashim. Omar has a nickname that is given by Muhammad al-Faruq, meaning people who can separate the haq and false.
Umar’s family belong to a middle class family, he could read and write that in those days is something rare. Umar was also known for his strong physique, where he became a champion wrestler in Mecca.

Before Islam, as is the tradition of pagan Mecca time, Omar buried her daughter alive. As he said himself, “I cried when digging the grave for my daughter. He developed and then combed beard”.

Drinking is also common among the Quraysh. Some records say that in the pre-Islam, Umar liked to drink wine. After becoming Muslim, she did not touch alcohol at all. However, after conversion to Islam, not derived ban drinking alcohol (intoxicating) explicitly. So there is a story, In the evening, Umar bermabuk-mabukkan until dawn. When the time dawn arrived, he went to the mosque and was appointed as a priest. When reading the letter al-Kafirun, because paragraph 3 and 5 sounds the same, after reading the verse 5, he again repeated to paragraph 4 continuously. Finally, Allah revealed drinking ban on the firm.

Convert to Islam

When the invitation to embrace Islam was declared by the Prophet Muhammad, Umar took positions to defend the traditional religion of the Quraysh (idolatry). At that time Omar was one of the very hard in the fight against the message of Islam and often torture believers.

It is said that at one point, Umar resolved to assassinate Muhammad. When looking for him, he ran into a Muslim (Na’em bin Abdullah) who then told me that his sister had also embraced Islam. Umar was shocked to notice it and went home.

At home find that his brother Umar was reciting verses from the Holy Qur’an (Thoha letter), he became upset of it and hit his brother. When he saw his brother’s bloody by his swing he was sorry, and then requested that reading can be he saw. He then became very upset by the contents of the Qur’an and then immediately embraced Islam on the same day.

Become a Caliph

During the reign of Umar, the Islamic power grew rapidly. Islam took over Mesopotamia and Persia from the hands of some of the Sassanid dynasty of Persia (which ends the Sassanid Empire) and took over Egypt, Palestine, Syria, North Africa and Armenia from the Roman Empire (Byzantium).

History records many great battles that became the beginning of this conquest. At the Battle of Yarmuk, which happened near Damascus in the year 636, 20 thousand Muslim troops defeated the Roman armies that reached 70 thousand and the end of Roman rule in southern Asia Minor. Other Islamic forces in a small amount to get the victory over the Persians in a larger number of battle Qadisiyyah (636 th), near the river Euphrates. In the battle, the Muslim army generals Sa `ad ibn Abi Waqqas defeated the Sassanid army and killed the famous Persian general, Rustam Farrukhzad.

In the year 637, after a long siege of Jerusalem, the Muslims finally take over the city. Umar was given the key to enter the city by the priest Sophronius and invited to pray in the church (Church of the Holy Sepulchre). Umar chose another place to pray so as not to jeopardize the church. 55 years later, Omar Mosque was established place he prayed.

Omar did a lot of administrative reform and control of the public policy, including building administrative systems to new areas conquered. He also ordered the census to be held throughout the Islamic territories. 638 years old, he was ordered to expand and renovate the Grand Mosque in Mecca and Masjid Nabawi in Medina. He also began the process of codification of Islamic law.

Umar was known from a simple lifestyle, rather than adopt the lifestyle and appearance of the rulers in those days, he remained alive as when the Muslims were poor and persecuted.

In the year to 17 Hijri, in the four leadership, Umar decreed that the Islamic calendar should be calculated when the incident began to migrate.

Ibn Sina’s full name Abū ‘Alī al-Husayn ibn’ Abdallah ibn Sina (Persian ابوعلى سينا Abu Ali Sina or in writing arabic: أبو علي الحسين بن عبد الله بن سينا). Ibn Sina was born in 980 in the area Afsyahnah near Bukhara, Uzbekistan is now the region (then Persia), and died in June 1037 in Hamadan, Persia (Iran).
He is the author of 450 books on the subject of several large. Many of them are focused on philosophy and medicine. He is regarded by many as the “father of modern medicine.” George Sarton called Ibn Sina “the most famous scientist of Islam and one of the most famous in all areas, places, and time.” The most famous work is The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine, also known as the Qanun (full title: Al-Qanun fi Tibb At).

EARLY LIFE

His life is known through the sources of power. An autobiography discusses the first thirty years of his life, and the rest are documented by his student al-Juzajani, who is also secretary and friend.

Ibn Sina was born in the year 370 (H) / 980 (M) at his mother’s house Afshana, a small town is now territory of Uzbekistan (part of Persia). His father, a distinguished scholar Ismaili, came from Balkh, Khorasan, and at the time of the birth of his son he was governor of a region in one of Nuh ibn Mansur neighborhood, now Afghan territory (and Persian). She wanted her son’s well educated in Bukhara.

Although traditionally influenced by the Ismaili branch of Islam, Ibn Sina’s independent thinking by having intelligence and extraordinary memory, which allow the teacher followed by the age of 14 years.

Ibn Sina was educated under the responsibility of a teacher, and his ability soon made him the admiration of his neighbors, he displays an attitude of intellectual and exclusion of a child prodigy / Child prodigy who had memorized the Koran at age 5 years and also an expert in poetry Persian. From a vegetable pedagan he learned arithmetic, and he began to learn the other from a scholar who earn a living from caring for the sick and teaching young children.

Although major problems on the problem – the problem of metaphysics and in some works of Aristotle. Thus, for the next year and a half, he also studied philosophy, where he faces many obstacles. in several investigations of confusion, he will leave the book – his book, taking water for ablution, then go to the mosque, and continued praying until the guidance resolve difficulties – difficulties. In the late-night he would continue his studies, stimulating feelings with occasional glass of goat’s milk, and even in his dreams problems would follow and provide a solution. Forty times, it is said, he read the Metaphysics of Aristotle, till the word – he says his memory, but that is not known, until one day they found illumination, from the brief description by Farabi, which he bought at a bookstall for three dirhams. What is amazing is the joy of discovery, made with the assistance he expected only mystery, that accelerates to thank Almighty God, and give alms for the poor.

He studied medicine at the age of 16, and not only learned medical theory, but through service to the sick, through the calculations myself, discovered a method – a new method of treatment. These young people get labeled as a physicist at the age of 18 years and found that “Medical science is not a difficult or annoying, like mathematics and metaphysics, so I quickly make progress; I became an excellent doctor and began treating patients, using drugs — appropriate drug. ” The young physicist fame spread quickly, and he treated many patients without asking for payment.

His first job to be a physicist for the emir, who diobatinya of a dangerous disease. Avicenna employer gave him a gift of it by giving it access to the royal library Samanids, supporting education and science. When the library was destroyed by fire shortly thereafter, the enemy – the enemy of Ibn Sina accused of burning oa din, in order to hide the source of knowledge. Meanwhile, Ibn Sina, helping his father in his work, but still took the time to write some of the most original works.

When Ibn Sina’s 22-year-old, his father meninggal.Samanid dynasty to collapse in December 1004. Ibn Sina resisted Mahmud of Ghazni, and headed towards the West to Urgench in the modern Uzbekistan, where the vizier, regarded as seperguruan friend, gave him a small monthly salary. But a small salary, so Ibn Sina wandered from one place to another through the districts of Nishapur and Merv to the borders of Khorasan, seeking an opening for talent – talent. Shams al-Ma’äli Qäbtis, the benevolent regulator Dailam, a poet and scholar, Ibn Sina, which expects to find a shelter, where about the year (1052) died were killed by the rebel troops. Ibn Sina himself at that time the disease is severe. Finally, in Gorgan, near the Sea Kaspi, Ibn Sina visiting with a friend, who bought a home near ruman Avicenna idmana learn logic and astronomy. Several of Ibn Sina’s guidebook written for these people, and the beginning of the book Canon of Medicine was also done when he lived in Hyrcania.

Abu al-Walid Muhammad ibn Rushd was born in Cordoba (Spain) in the year 520 Hijri (1128 AD). Father and grandfather Ibn Rushd is renowned judges at the time. Little Averroes was a child who has many interests and talents. He deepens many sciences, such as medicine, law, mathematics, and philosophy. Explore the philosophy of Ibn Rushd, Abu Ja’far ibn Harun and Steel.
Ibn Rushd was a genius who came from Andalusia with encyclopaedic knowledge. Most of his life was given to serve as a “Kadi” (judge) and physicist. In the western world, known as Ibn Rushd Averroes and the greatest commentator on Aristotle’s philosophy of Christian philosophy influence in the Middle Ages, including such thinkers St. Thomas Aquinas. Many people came to Ibn Rushd to consult medical problems and legal issues.

The works of Ibn Rushd include philosophy, medicine and jurisprudence in the form of essays, reviews, essays and resumes. Almost all the works of Ibn Rushd was translated into Latin and Hebrew (Jewish), so chances are the original works were gone.

Ibn Rushd’s philosophy there are two, namely the philosophy of Ibn Rushd as understood by the Europeans in the Middle Ages; and Ibn Rushd’s philosophy of belief and attitude of his religion.