Birth

Abu Bakar’s wife Aisha’s father from the Prophet Muhammad. His name actually is Abdul Kaaba (meaning ‘servant of the Kaaba’), which later changed by the Prophet to be Abdullah (meaning ‘servant of God’. Prophet Muhammad also gave him the title of Ash-Siddiq (meaning ‘who is telling the truth’), so he is better known as Abu Bakar al-Siddiq.
Embrace to Islam

Abu Bakar was born in Mecca of the descendants of Bani Tamim (Attamimi), Quraish tribe. Based on the few Islamic historians, he was a merchant, a judge with a high position, an educated and believed to be the person who can interpret dreams.

Become Caliph

During Prophet Muhammad’s illness when on his deathbed, said that Abu Bakar was named to the prayer place, many who consider this as an indication that Abu Bakar would take his place. Immediately after his death (632), conducted consultation among the leaders of the Ansar and immigrants in Medina, which eventually led to the appointment of Abu Bakar as the new leader of the Muslims or the Islamic caliphate.

What happens when the meeting became a source of debate. The appointment of Abu Bakar as the Caliph is a very controversial subject and a source of the first division in Islam, where Muslims split into Sunnis and Shiites. On one side of the Shiites believe that it should be Ali ibn Abi Talib (Muhammad’s daughter) is a leader and believe this is the decision of the Prophet Muhammad himself as the Sunni argued that the Prophet Muhammad refused to appoint his successor. The Sunni argued that the Messenger of discussion put forward for appointment of temporary leader of Shi’ites Muslims argue that the Messenger of God in the smallest things like before and after eating, drinking, sleeping, etc., never left his people without the guidance and leadership issues guidance especially last people . and also many hadiths in Sunni and Shi’ite caliph after the death of whom the Messenger of Allah, and the number of Islamic leaders of twelve. Regardless of the controversy and the truth of each of them, Ali himself formally declaring his loyalty (pledge allegiance) to Abu Bakar and the two caliphs after (Umar ibn al-Khattab and Uthman ibn Affan). The Sunni describes this statement as a statement that Ali became enthusiastic and loyal supporters of Abu Bakar and Umar. While the Shi’ites do illustrate that the Ali baiat the pro forma, since he baiat after after the death of his wife Fatimah months and months and after that he showed a protest by closing themselves from public life.

Ridda War

Immediately after the succession of Abu Bakar, a number of problems that threaten the unity and stability of the community and Islamic countries when it comes. Several Arab tribes originating from the Hijaz and insubordination to the Deputy Nejed new and existing systems. Some of them refused to pay zakat while not reject the religion of Islam as a whole. Some other re-embrace religion and old traditions of idolatry. The tribes claim that only a commitment to the Prophet Muhammad and his commitment to his death no longer valid. Based on this, Abu Bakar declared war against those known by the name Ridda war. In the war’s biggest battle is Ridda fight “Ibn Habib al-Hanafi” better known by the name Musailamah Al-Kazab (Musailamah the liar), who claimed himself as a new prophet to replace the Prophet Muhammad. Musailamah then defeated in battle Akraba by Khalid bin Walid.

Expedition to the north

After stabilizing the internal situation and in full control of the Arab, Abu Bakar ordered the generals of Islam against the Byzantine Empire and the Sassanid Empire. Khalid bin Walid conquered Iraq with ease while the expedition to Syria was also successful.

Qur’an

Abu Bakar also play a role in the preservation of the written texts of the Qur’an. It is said that after a very difficult victory against Musailamah in Ridda war, many Qur’an penghafal participating killed in battle. Abu Bakar then Umar ibn al-Khattab asked to gather a collection of the Qur’an. Once complete this collection, gathered from penghafal the Qur’an and the writings contained in the written media such as bone, skin, etc., by a team headed by Zaid ibn Thabit Companions, then kept by Hafsa, daughter of Umar and also the wife of the Prophet Muhammad. Then in the reign of Uthman ibn Affan became the basis of this collection of writing text to the Qur’an, known until today.

Background

He has the full name of ibn Umar bin Abdul Nafiel Uzza, born in Mecca, the Banu Adi, one of the Quraysh tribe family. His parents named Nufail bin Al Khattab Mahzumi Al Quraisyi and Hantamah binti Hashim. Omar has a nickname that is given by Muhammad al-Faruq, meaning people who can separate the haq and false.
Umar’s family belong to a middle class family, he could read and write that in those days is something rare. Umar was also known for his strong physique, where he became a champion wrestler in Mecca.

Before Islam, as is the tradition of pagan Mecca time, Omar buried her daughter alive. As he said himself, “I cried when digging the grave for my daughter. He developed and then combed beard”.

Drinking is also common among the Quraysh. Some records say that in the pre-Islam, Umar liked to drink wine. After becoming Muslim, she did not touch alcohol at all. However, after conversion to Islam, not derived ban drinking alcohol (intoxicating) explicitly. So there is a story, In the evening, Umar bermabuk-mabukkan until dawn. When the time dawn arrived, he went to the mosque and was appointed as a priest. When reading the letter al-Kafirun, because paragraph 3 and 5 sounds the same, after reading the verse 5, he again repeated to paragraph 4 continuously. Finally, Allah revealed drinking ban on the firm.

Convert to Islam

When the invitation to embrace Islam was declared by the Prophet Muhammad, Umar took positions to defend the traditional religion of the Quraysh (idolatry). At that time Omar was one of the very hard in the fight against the message of Islam and often torture believers.

It is said that at one point, Umar resolved to assassinate Muhammad. When looking for him, he ran into a Muslim (Na’em bin Abdullah) who then told me that his sister had also embraced Islam. Umar was shocked to notice it and went home.

At home find that his brother Umar was reciting verses from the Holy Qur’an (Thoha letter), he became upset of it and hit his brother. When he saw his brother’s bloody by his swing he was sorry, and then requested that reading can be he saw. He then became very upset by the contents of the Qur’an and then immediately embraced Islam on the same day.

Become a Caliph

During the reign of Umar, the Islamic power grew rapidly. Islam took over Mesopotamia and Persia from the hands of some of the Sassanid dynasty of Persia (which ends the Sassanid Empire) and took over Egypt, Palestine, Syria, North Africa and Armenia from the Roman Empire (Byzantium).

History records many great battles that became the beginning of this conquest. At the Battle of Yarmuk, which happened near Damascus in the year 636, 20 thousand Muslim troops defeated the Roman armies that reached 70 thousand and the end of Roman rule in southern Asia Minor. Other Islamic forces in a small amount to get the victory over the Persians in a larger number of battle Qadisiyyah (636 th), near the river Euphrates. In the battle, the Muslim army generals Sa `ad ibn Abi Waqqas defeated the Sassanid army and killed the famous Persian general, Rustam Farrukhzad.

In the year 637, after a long siege of Jerusalem, the Muslims finally take over the city. Umar was given the key to enter the city by the priest Sophronius and invited to pray in the church (Church of the Holy Sepulchre). Umar chose another place to pray so as not to jeopardize the church. 55 years later, Omar Mosque was established place he prayed.

Omar did a lot of administrative reform and control of the public policy, including building administrative systems to new areas conquered. He also ordered the census to be held throughout the Islamic territories. 638 years old, he was ordered to expand and renovate the Grand Mosque in Mecca and Masjid Nabawi in Medina. He also began the process of codification of Islamic law.

Umar was known from a simple lifestyle, rather than adopt the lifestyle and appearance of the rulers in those days, he remained alive as when the Muslims were poor and persecuted.

In the year to 17 Hijri, in the four leadership, Umar decreed that the Islamic calendar should be calculated when the incident began to migrate.

Abu al-Walid Muhammad ibn Rushd was born in Cordoba (Spain) in the year 520 Hijri (1128 AD). Father and grandfather Ibn Rushd is renowned judges at the time. Little Averroes was a child who has many interests and talents. He deepens many sciences, such as medicine, law, mathematics, and philosophy. Explore the philosophy of Ibn Rushd, Abu Ja’far ibn Harun and Steel.
Ibn Rushd was a genius who came from Andalusia with encyclopaedic knowledge. Most of his life was given to serve as a “Kadi” (judge) and physicist. In the western world, known as Ibn Rushd Averroes and the greatest commentator on Aristotle’s philosophy of Christian philosophy influence in the Middle Ages, including such thinkers St. Thomas Aquinas. Many people came to Ibn Rushd to consult medical problems and legal issues.

The works of Ibn Rushd include philosophy, medicine and jurisprudence in the form of essays, reviews, essays and resumes. Almost all the works of Ibn Rushd was translated into Latin and Hebrew (Jewish), so chances are the original works were gone.

Ibn Rushd’s philosophy there are two, namely the philosophy of Ibn Rushd as understood by the Europeans in the Middle Ages; and Ibn Rushd’s philosophy of belief and attitude of his religion.

So who did make us? Most of us have been brought up more on science than religion, and to believe in the Big Bang and evolution more than God. But which makes more sense? And is there any reason why the theories of science and creationism cannot coexist?

The Big Bang may explain the origin of the universe, but it doesn’t explain the origin of the primordial dust cloud. This dust cloud (which, according to the theory, drew together, compacted and then exploded) had to come from somewhere. After all, it contained enough matter to form not just our galaxy, but the billion other galaxies in the known universe. So where did that come form? Who, or what, created the primordial dust cloud?

Similarly, evolution may explain the fossil record, but it falls far short of explaining the quintessential essence of human life—the soul. We all have one. We feel its presence, we speak of its existence and at times pray for its salvation. But only the religious can explain where it came from. The theory of natural selection can explain many of the material aspects of living things, but it fails to explain the human soul.

Furthermore, anyone who studies the complexities of life and the universe cannot help but witness the signature of the Creator. Whether or not people recognize these signs is another matter—as the old saying goes, denial isn’t just a river in Egypt. (Get it? Denial, spelled “de Nile” … the river Ni … oh, never mind.) The point is that if we see a painting, we know there is a painter. If we see a sculpture, we know there’s a sculptor; a pot, a potter. So when we view creation, shouldn’t we know there’s a Creator?

The concept that the universe exploded and then developed in balanced perfection through random events and natural selection is little different from the proposal that, by dropping bombs into a junkyard, sooner or later one of them will blow everything together into a perfect Mercedes.

If there is one thing we know for certain, it is that without a controlling influence, all systems degenerate into chaos. The theories of the Big Bang and evolution propose the exact opposite, however—that chaos fostered perfection. Would it not be more reasonable to conclude that the Big Bang and evolution were controlled events? Controlled, that is, by the Creator?

The Bedouin of Arabia tell the tale of a nomad finding an exquisite palace at an oasis in the middle of an otherwise barren desert. When he asks how it was built, the owner tells him it was formed by the forces of nature. The wind shaped the rocks and blew them to the edge of this oasis, and then tumbled them together into the shape of the palace. Then it blew sand and rain into the cracks to cement them together. Next, it blew strands of sheep’s wool together into rugs and tapestries, stray wood together into furniture, doors, windowsills and trim, and positioned them in the palace at just the right locations. Lightning strikes melted sand into sheets of glass and blasted them into the window-frames, and smelted black sand into steel and shaped it into the fence and gate with perfect alignment and symmetry. The process took billions of years and only happened at this one place on earth—purely through coincidence.

When we finish rolling our eyes, we get the point. Obviously, the palace was built by design, not by happenstance. To what (or more to the point, to Whom), then, should we attribute the origin of items of infinitely greater complexity, such as our universe and ourselves?

Another argument to dismiss the concept of Creationism focuses upon what people perceive to be the imperfections of creation. These are the “How can there be a God if such-and-such happened?” arguments. The issue under discussion could be anything from a natural disaster to birth defects, from genocide to grandma’s cancer. That’s not the point. The point is that denying God based upon what we perceive to be injustices of life presumes that a divine being would not have designed our lives to be anything other than perfect, and would have established justice on Earth.

Hmm … is there no other option?

We can just as easily propose that God did not design life on Earth to be paradise, but rather a test, the punishment or rewards of which are to be had in the next life, which is where God establishes His ultimate justice. In support of this concept we can well ask who suffered more injustices in their worldly lives than God’s favorites, which is to say the prophets? And who do we expect to occupy the highest stations in paradise, if not those who maintain true faith in the face of worldly adversity? So suffering in this worldly life does not necessarily translate into God’s disfavor, and a blissful worldly life does not necessarily translate into beatitude in the hereafter.

I would hope that, by this line of reasoning, we can agree upon the answer to the first “big question.” Who made us? Can we agree that if we are creation, God is the Creator?

If we can’t agree on this point, there probably isn’t much point in continuing. However, for those who do agree, let’s move on to “big question” number two—why are we here? What, in other words, is the purpose of life?

“God does not forbid you from showing kindness and dealing justly with those who have not fought you about religion and have not driven you out of your homes. God loves just dealers.” (Quran 60:8)

The Prophet Muhammad, may the mercy and blessings of God be upon him, used to prohibit soldiers from killing women and children, and he would advise them: “…Do not betray, do not be excessive, do not kill a newborn child.” And he also said: “Whoever has killed a person having a treaty with the Muslims shall not smell the fragrance of Paradise, though its fragrance is found for a span of forty years.”

Also, the Prophet Muhammad has forbidden punishment with fire.

He once listed murder as the second of the major sins, and he even warned that on the Day of Judgment, “The first cases to be adjudicated between people on the Day of Judgment will be those of bloodshed.”

Muslims are even encouraged to be kind to animals and are forbidden to hurt them. Once the Prophet Muhammad said: “A woman was punished because she imprisoned a cat until it died. On account of this, she was doomed to Hell. While she imprisoned it, she did not give the cat food or drink, nor did she free it to eat the insects of the earth.”

He also said that a man gave a very thirsty dog a drink, so God forgave his sins for this action. The Prophet, may the mercy and blessings of God be upon him, was asked, “Messenger of God, are we rewarded for kindness towards animals?” He said: “There is a reward for kindness to every living animal or human.”

Additionally, while taking the life of an animal for food, Muslims are commanded to do so in a manner that causes the least amount of fright and suffering possible. The Prophet Muhammad said: “When you slaughter an animal, do so in the best way. One should sharpen his knife to reduce the suffering of the animal.”

In light of these and other Islamic texts, the act of inciting terror in the hearts of defenseless civilians, the wholesale destruction of buildings and properties, the bombing and maiming of innocent men, women, and children are all forbidden and detestable acts according to Islam and the Muslims. Muslims follow a religion of peace, mercy, and forgiveness, and the vast majority have nothing to do with the violent events some have associated with Muslims. If an individual Muslim were to commit an act of terrorism, this person would be guilty of violating the laws of Islam.

The History of Islam begins with Muhammad (c. April 20, 570 – June 8, 632 AD)[1] who was an Arabian religious and political leader who Muslims believe to be the last prophet of Allah (God). He is a descendent of Ishmael, a son of Abraham, he is considered the most important person in the religion of Islam.

Muhammad was born about April 20 570 AD in Mecca.When he was about forty years old, he received a revelation from the God and was then commanded to preach to the people the error of their pagan like ways. The religion that Muhammad preached was based on the Abrahamic concept of one God and was strictly monotheistic in nature. It accepted older biblical prophets and kings as prophets as well. To escape the persecutions of the Meccans Muhammad migrated to the nearby city of Medina in 622. From there through skilful diplomacy he subdued almost the entire Arab nation before his death in 632.

After Muhammad died, the Muslim leadership was assumed by Abu Bakr. He was followed by Umar, Uthman ibn Affan and then Ali. These four are called the Rashidun caliphs which means The Righteous Caliphs. The word caliph means religious and spiritual leader. Under these caliphs Islam became one of the most important religions of the middle East. Administrative offices of the Muslim nation were established. Under Umar more then two thirds of the Eastern Roman Empire was conquered by the Muslims. Umar also started the Muslim calender.

The first civil war in Islam, also known as the First Fitna broke out in Islam during the rule of the fourth caliph Ali and lasted throughout his caliphate. The third caliph Uthman ibn Affan had been murdered by rebel Muslim groups who had political motives. After Ali took over, the most important problem he faced was that of punishing those responsible for murder. However many people felt that before accepting the position of the caliph, Ali should have focussed his attention on finding and punishing the murderers. A group of people led by Muhammad’s wife Aisha, her brothers in law Talhah and Zubair ibn al-Awam refused to recognize Ali’s caliphate. They instead raised an army which met Ali’s army at Basra in Iraq, originally for the purposes of negotiations. In the night, some fighting broke out, probably out of confusion or due to rebel groups who were involved in the infamous murder. This led to the Battle of Bassorah (also known as Battle of the Camel) in which Ali’s party emerged victorious. Aisha was escorted back to Medina honorably after the battle by Ali.

This battle however did not entirely finish the tension in the Muslim empire. Ali was soon challenged by Muawiyah, the governor of the Muslim provinces of Syria. He too raised the issue of punishing Uthman’s murderers and refused to acknowledge Ali as caliph until the issue had been solved. Muawiyah was a kinsman of Uthman and his army pledged to bring to justice the murderers and those who sheltered them. People who are sheltering the murderers was a reference to Ali and his followers. Accordingly, the two groups met and fought a battle, called the Battle of Siffin. This battle ended in a draw and so both groups decided on arbitration which also didn’t lead to any concrete decision. Another group of Muslims, The Kharijites who had previously been with Ali, meanwhile rejected him because they felt that he was not following true Islam and conducting business over the caliphate as if it were his own property.

In the following years Ali’s governors could not prevent his losing provinces to Muawiyah who increased his strength by further expanding his army. Ali had shifted the capital of the caliphate from Medina to Kufa in 656. He was killed by a Kharijite assassin in 661.

Source : Wikipedia.org