Birth

Abu Bakar’s wife Aisha’s father from the Prophet Muhammad. His name actually is Abdul Kaaba (meaning ‘servant of the Kaaba’), which later changed by the Prophet to be Abdullah (meaning ‘servant of God’. Prophet Muhammad also gave him the title of Ash-Siddiq (meaning ‘who is telling the truth’), so he is better known as Abu Bakar al-Siddiq.
Embrace to Islam

Abu Bakar was born in Mecca of the descendants of Bani Tamim (Attamimi), Quraish tribe. Based on the few Islamic historians, he was a merchant, a judge with a high position, an educated and believed to be the person who can interpret dreams.

Become Caliph

During Prophet Muhammad’s illness when on his deathbed, said that Abu Bakar was named to the prayer place, many who consider this as an indication that Abu Bakar would take his place. Immediately after his death (632), conducted consultation among the leaders of the Ansar and immigrants in Medina, which eventually led to the appointment of Abu Bakar as the new leader of the Muslims or the Islamic caliphate.

What happens when the meeting became a source of debate. The appointment of Abu Bakar as the Caliph is a very controversial subject and a source of the first division in Islam, where Muslims split into Sunnis and Shiites. On one side of the Shiites believe that it should be Ali ibn Abi Talib (Muhammad’s daughter) is a leader and believe this is the decision of the Prophet Muhammad himself as the Sunni argued that the Prophet Muhammad refused to appoint his successor. The Sunni argued that the Messenger of discussion put forward for appointment of temporary leader of Shi’ites Muslims argue that the Messenger of God in the smallest things like before and after eating, drinking, sleeping, etc., never left his people without the guidance and leadership issues guidance especially last people . and also many hadiths in Sunni and Shi’ite caliph after the death of whom the Messenger of Allah, and the number of Islamic leaders of twelve. Regardless of the controversy and the truth of each of them, Ali himself formally declaring his loyalty (pledge allegiance) to Abu Bakar and the two caliphs after (Umar ibn al-Khattab and Uthman ibn Affan). The Sunni describes this statement as a statement that Ali became enthusiastic and loyal supporters of Abu Bakar and Umar. While the Shi’ites do illustrate that the Ali baiat the pro forma, since he baiat after after the death of his wife Fatimah months and months and after that he showed a protest by closing themselves from public life.

Ridda War

Immediately after the succession of Abu Bakar, a number of problems that threaten the unity and stability of the community and Islamic countries when it comes. Several Arab tribes originating from the Hijaz and insubordination to the Deputy Nejed new and existing systems. Some of them refused to pay zakat while not reject the religion of Islam as a whole. Some other re-embrace religion and old traditions of idolatry. The tribes claim that only a commitment to the Prophet Muhammad and his commitment to his death no longer valid. Based on this, Abu Bakar declared war against those known by the name Ridda war. In the war’s biggest battle is Ridda fight “Ibn Habib al-Hanafi” better known by the name Musailamah Al-Kazab (Musailamah the liar), who claimed himself as a new prophet to replace the Prophet Muhammad. Musailamah then defeated in battle Akraba by Khalid bin Walid.

Expedition to the north

After stabilizing the internal situation and in full control of the Arab, Abu Bakar ordered the generals of Islam against the Byzantine Empire and the Sassanid Empire. Khalid bin Walid conquered Iraq with ease while the expedition to Syria was also successful.

Qur’an

Abu Bakar also play a role in the preservation of the written texts of the Qur’an. It is said that after a very difficult victory against Musailamah in Ridda war, many Qur’an penghafal participating killed in battle. Abu Bakar then Umar ibn al-Khattab asked to gather a collection of the Qur’an. Once complete this collection, gathered from penghafal the Qur’an and the writings contained in the written media such as bone, skin, etc., by a team headed by Zaid ibn Thabit Companions, then kept by Hafsa, daughter of Umar and also the wife of the Prophet Muhammad. Then in the reign of Uthman ibn Affan became the basis of this collection of writing text to the Qur’an, known until today.

Background

He has the full name of ibn Umar bin Abdul Nafiel Uzza, born in Mecca, the Banu Adi, one of the Quraysh tribe family. His parents named Nufail bin Al Khattab Mahzumi Al Quraisyi and Hantamah binti Hashim. Omar has a nickname that is given by Muhammad al-Faruq, meaning people who can separate the haq and false.
Umar’s family belong to a middle class family, he could read and write that in those days is something rare. Umar was also known for his strong physique, where he became a champion wrestler in Mecca.

Before Islam, as is the tradition of pagan Mecca time, Omar buried her daughter alive. As he said himself, “I cried when digging the grave for my daughter. He developed and then combed beard”.

Drinking is also common among the Quraysh. Some records say that in the pre-Islam, Umar liked to drink wine. After becoming Muslim, she did not touch alcohol at all. However, after conversion to Islam, not derived ban drinking alcohol (intoxicating) explicitly. So there is a story, In the evening, Umar bermabuk-mabukkan until dawn. When the time dawn arrived, he went to the mosque and was appointed as a priest. When reading the letter al-Kafirun, because paragraph 3 and 5 sounds the same, after reading the verse 5, he again repeated to paragraph 4 continuously. Finally, Allah revealed drinking ban on the firm.

Convert to Islam

When the invitation to embrace Islam was declared by the Prophet Muhammad, Umar took positions to defend the traditional religion of the Quraysh (idolatry). At that time Omar was one of the very hard in the fight against the message of Islam and often torture believers.

It is said that at one point, Umar resolved to assassinate Muhammad. When looking for him, he ran into a Muslim (Na’em bin Abdullah) who then told me that his sister had also embraced Islam. Umar was shocked to notice it and went home.

At home find that his brother Umar was reciting verses from the Holy Qur’an (Thoha letter), he became upset of it and hit his brother. When he saw his brother’s bloody by his swing he was sorry, and then requested that reading can be he saw. He then became very upset by the contents of the Qur’an and then immediately embraced Islam on the same day.

Become a Caliph

During the reign of Umar, the Islamic power grew rapidly. Islam took over Mesopotamia and Persia from the hands of some of the Sassanid dynasty of Persia (which ends the Sassanid Empire) and took over Egypt, Palestine, Syria, North Africa and Armenia from the Roman Empire (Byzantium).

History records many great battles that became the beginning of this conquest. At the Battle of Yarmuk, which happened near Damascus in the year 636, 20 thousand Muslim troops defeated the Roman armies that reached 70 thousand and the end of Roman rule in southern Asia Minor. Other Islamic forces in a small amount to get the victory over the Persians in a larger number of battle Qadisiyyah (636 th), near the river Euphrates. In the battle, the Muslim army generals Sa `ad ibn Abi Waqqas defeated the Sassanid army and killed the famous Persian general, Rustam Farrukhzad.

In the year 637, after a long siege of Jerusalem, the Muslims finally take over the city. Umar was given the key to enter the city by the priest Sophronius and invited to pray in the church (Church of the Holy Sepulchre). Umar chose another place to pray so as not to jeopardize the church. 55 years later, Omar Mosque was established place he prayed.

Omar did a lot of administrative reform and control of the public policy, including building administrative systems to new areas conquered. He also ordered the census to be held throughout the Islamic territories. 638 years old, he was ordered to expand and renovate the Grand Mosque in Mecca and Masjid Nabawi in Medina. He also began the process of codification of Islamic law.

Umar was known from a simple lifestyle, rather than adopt the lifestyle and appearance of the rulers in those days, he remained alive as when the Muslims were poor and persecuted.

In the year to 17 Hijri, in the four leadership, Umar decreed that the Islamic calendar should be calculated when the incident began to migrate.