He is the third caliph who ruled from 644 (age 69-70 years) to 656 (for 11-12 years). Also a friend of the prophet who has a very shy nature.

Utsman bin Affan was the companion of the Prophet and also the third caliph in first four caliphs. He was known as a wealthy merchant and economist reliable but very generous. Many of the economic assistance given to Muslims at the beginning of the message of Islam. He earned the nickname which means that Dzunnurain has two lights. The nickname was acquired because Uthman had married the daughter of the second and third of the Rasullah Saw Ruqayah and Ummi Kulthum.
Utsman bin Affan was born in 574 AD by the Umayyah. He mother’s name was Arwa bint Rabiah ibn Kuriz. He converted to Islam on the invitation of Abu Bakr and belonged Assabiqunal Awwalun (the ones who first embraced Islam). Prophet himself describes as Utsman bin Affan the most honest person and humility among the Muslims. Narrated by Imam Muslim that Aisha asked the Prophet, “Abu Bakar entered, but you always have and do not give special attention, and then Umar went too casual you and not give special attention. But when you entered Utsman continued to sit and fix the clothes, why? “Rasullullah replied,” Did I not ashamed of those who have embarrassed him an angel? ”

At first the calls migrate to Rasullullah Saw Habbasyiah due to the increased pressure of the Quraysh against the Muslims, Uthman, with his wife and other Muslims call the meeting and move to Habbasyiah until the pressure subsided from the Quraysh. Not long lived in Mecca, Utsman followed the Prophet Muhammad to migrate to Medina. In the event Hudaibiyah, Utsman sent by Rasullullah to meet Abu Sufyan of Mecca. Utsman ordered the Prophet to assert that the group of Medina will serve only in the Kaaba, and then immediately returned to Medina, not to fight the people of Mecca.

At Dzatirriqa War and the War raged Ghatfahan, which led the war Rasullullah Saw, Utsman believed Medina mayor. Tabuk War, Utsman 1000 donated camels and 70 horses, plus private donations in 1000 dirhams for war Tabuk, it is equal to one-third the cost of the war. Uthman ibn Affan also show generosity when buying a spring called house of a tribal man Ghifar for 35,000 dirhams. He springs to wakafkan common people’s interests. In the reign of Abu Bakar, Utsman also gave wheat transported by camel in 1000 to help the poor who suffer in the dry season.

After the death of Umar bin Khattab as the second caliph, Get the celebration to pick the next caliph. There were six candidates proposed by the Caliph Ali bin Abi Talib, Utsman ibn Affan, Abdurrahman bin Auf, Saad bin Abi Waqas, Al-Zubair and Talha bin bin Awwam Ubaidillah. Next Abdurrahman bin Auff, Sa’ad bin Abi Waqas, Al-Zubair bin Awwam, and Talha bin Ubaidillah resigned to just Utsman and Ali was left. Voice of the moment tend to choose the third Caliph Utsman. So Utsman was appointed 70-year-old became the third caliph, and the oldest, and the first selected from several candidates. This happened in the month of Muharram 24 AH Utsman became caliph in Islam when the government has actually established and structured.

He is the first caliphs who expanded the mosque of al-Haram (Mecca) and the Nabawi Mosque (Medina) because of increasingly crowded Muslims who perform the five pillars of Islam (pilgrimage). He sparked the idea of security police for his people; create a special building for the court and prosecuting cases previously done in the mosque; agricultural building, conquered Syria, North Africa, Persia, Khorasan, Palestine, Cyprus, Rodhes, and also forms a strong navy. The greatest merit is the time issued a policy to collect the Qur’an in one Mushaf.

During his tenure, the governor replaced Uthman many areas that do not fit or less competent and menggantikaannya with people who are more credible. But this makes a lot of heartache officials revealed that they conspired to kill the Caliph. Caliph Utsman then besieged by the rebels for 40 days starting from the month of Ramadan until Dzulhijah. Although Utsman has the power to remove the rebels, but he was principled to not shed the blood of Muslims. Utsman eventually died as a martyr in 35 H Dzulhijah when the rebels managed to enter his house and killed Uthman when he was reading the Qur’an. Just like what the Rasullullah Mustafa Utsman about the martyr’s death later. He was buried in Baqi cemetery in Medina.

‘Behold!’ the Angel said, ‘God has chosen you, and purified you, and chosen you above the women of all nations. O Mary, God gives you good news of a word from Him, whose name shall be the Messiah, Jesus son of Mary, honored in this world and the Hereafter, and one of those brought near to God. He shall speak to the people from his cradle and in maturity, and shall be of the righteous.’
She said: ‘O my Lord! How shall I have a son when no man has touched me?’ He said: ‘Even so; God creates what He will. When He decrees a thing, He says to it, “Be!” and it is.’ (Quran, 3:42-7)

Jesus was born miraculously through the same power which had brought Adam into being without a father:

Truly, the likeness of Jesus with God is as the likeness of Adam. He created him of dust, and then said to him, ‘Be!’ and he was. (Quran, 3:59)

During his prophetic mission Jesus performed many miracles. The Quran tells us that he said:

I have come to you with a sign from your Lord: I make for you out of clay, as it were, the figure of a bird, and breathe into it and it becomes a bird by God’s leave. And I heal the blind, and the lepers and I raise the dead by God’s leave. (Quran, 3:49)

Neither Muhammad nor Jesus came to change the basic doctrine of the belief in One God, brought by earlier prophets, but to confirm and renew it. In the Quran Jesus is reported as saying that he came:

To attest the law which was before me. And to make lawful to you part of what was forbidden you; I have come to you with a sign from your Lord, so fear God and obey Me. (Quran, 3:5O)

The Prophet Muhammad said:

Whoever believes there is no god but God, alone without partner, that Muhammad is His messenger, that Jesus is the servant and messenger of God, His word breathed into Mary and a spirit emanating from Him, and that Paradise and Hell are true, shall be received by God into Heaven. (Hadith from Bukhari)

Over the course of time, some groups have come to hold extreme beliefs about the opposite sex and sexuality. Women, in particular, were considered evil by many religious men, and so contact with them had to be kept to a minimum. Thus, monasticism, with its lifetime of abstention and celibacy, was invented by those who wanted what they reckoned to be a pious alternative to marriage and a life more godly.

“Then, We sent after them, Our Messengers, and We sent Jesus son of Mary, and gave him the Gospel. And We ordained in the hearts of those who followed him, compassion and mercy. But the Monasticism which they invented for themselves; We did not prescribe for them, but (they sought it) only to please Allah therewith, but that they did not observe it with the right observance. So We gave those among them who believed, their (due) reward, but many of them are rebellious sinners.” (Quran 57:27)

The only family that monks would know (Christian, Buddhist, or otherwise) would be their fellow monks at the monastery or temple. In the case of Christianity, not only men, but also women, could attain the pious ranks by becoming nuns, or “brides of Christ”. This unnatural situation has often led to a great number of social vices, such as child abuse, homosexuality and illegitimate sexual relations actually occurring among the cloistered – all of which are considered actual criminal sins. Those Muslim heretics who have followed the non-Islamic practice of abstention and hermitage, or who have at least claimed to have taken an even more pious path to God than the Prophets themselves, have similarly succumbed to these same vices and to an equally scandalous degree.

The Prophet Muhammad in his own lifetime made clear his feelings at the suggestion that marriage could be an obstacle to drawing closer to God. Once, a man vowed to the Prophet that he would have nothing to do with women, that is, to never marry. The Prophet responded by sternly declaring:

“By Allah! I am the most God-fearing amongst you! Yet… I marry! Whoever turns away from my sunnah (inspired way) is not from me (i.e. not a true believer).”

“Say (to the people O Muhammad): ‘If you love Allah then follow me, Allah will (then) love you and forgive you of your sins. And Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.’” (Quran 3:31)

In reality, far from viewing marriage as bad for one’s faith, Muslims hold marriage to be an integral part of their religious devotion. As mentioned before, the Prophet Muhammad explicitly stated that marriage is half of the Religion (of Islam). In other words, perhaps half of all Islamic virtues, such as fidelity, chastity, charity, generosity, tolerance, gentleness, striving, patience, love, empathy, compassion, caring, learning, teaching, reliability, courage, mercy, forbearance, forgiveness, etc., find their natural expression through married life. Hence, in Islam, God-consciousness and good character are supposed to be the principle criteria that a spouse looks for in his or her prospective marriage partner. The Prophet Muhammad said:

“A woman is married for (one of) four reasons: her wealth, her status, her beauty and her religious devotion. So marry the religious woman, else you be a loser.” (Saheeh Al-Bukhari)

Undoubtedly, the social malaise and decay that is prevalent in many parts of the non-Islamic world also finds expression in some parts of the Muslim world as well. Nevertheless, promiscuity, fornication and adultery are still roundly condemned throughout Islamic societies and have yet to be decriminalized to the level of merely “fooling around”, “playing the field” or other such trivial pursuits. Indeed, Muslims still recognize and acknowledge the great destructiveness that pre-marital and extra-marital relationships have on communities. In fact the Quran makes clear that the mere accusation of impropriety carries very severe consequences in this life and the next.

“And those who accuse chaste women, and do not produce four witnesses (to unequivocally prove their accusation), flog them with eighty stripes, and reject their testimony forever; for they are truly wicked sinners.” (Quran 24:4)

“Verily, those who slander chaste women, innocent, unsuspecting, believing women: they are cursed in this world and the next. And for them will be a great torment.” (Quran 24:23)

Ironically, while it is unmarried women who perhaps suffer most from the consequences of promiscuous relationships, some of the more radical voices of the feminist movement have called for the abolition of the institution of marriage. Sheila Cronin of the movement, NOW, speaking from the blinkered perspective of a fringe feminist whose society is reeling from the failure of the traditional western marriage to grant women security, protection from sexually transmitted diseases, and many other problems and abuses, opined: “Since marriage constitutes slavery for women, it is clear that the women’s movement must concentrate on attacking this institution. Freedom for women cannot be won without the abolition of marriage.”

Marriage in Islam, however, or rather, marriage according to Islam, is in and of itself a vehicle for securing freedom for women. No greater example of the perfect Islamic marriage exists than that of the Prophet Muhammad, who told his followers: “The best of you are those who best treat their women. And I am the best of people to my women.”[2] The Prophet’s beloved wife, A’isha, attested to the freedom her husband’s treatment afforded her when she said:

“He always joined in the housework and would at times mend his clothes, repair his shoes and sweep the floor. He would milk, tether and feed his animals and do household chores.” (Saheeh Al-Bukhari)

“Indeed in the Messenger of Allah you have an excellent example to follow for whoever hopes in Allah and the Last Day and remembers Allah much.” (Quran 33:21).

The History of Islam begins with Muhammad (c. April 20, 570 – June 8, 632 AD)[1] who was an Arabian religious and political leader who Muslims believe to be the last prophet of Allah (God). He is a descendent of Ishmael, a son of Abraham, he is considered the most important person in the religion of Islam.

Muhammad was born about April 20 570 AD in Mecca.When he was about forty years old, he received a revelation from the God and was then commanded to preach to the people the error of their pagan like ways. The religion that Muhammad preached was based on the Abrahamic concept of one God and was strictly monotheistic in nature. It accepted older biblical prophets and kings as prophets as well. To escape the persecutions of the Meccans Muhammad migrated to the nearby city of Medina in 622. From there through skilful diplomacy he subdued almost the entire Arab nation before his death in 632.

After Muhammad died, the Muslim leadership was assumed by Abu Bakr. He was followed by Umar, Uthman ibn Affan and then Ali. These four are called the Rashidun caliphs which means The Righteous Caliphs. The word caliph means religious and spiritual leader. Under these caliphs Islam became one of the most important religions of the middle East. Administrative offices of the Muslim nation were established. Under Umar more then two thirds of the Eastern Roman Empire was conquered by the Muslims. Umar also started the Muslim calender.

The first civil war in Islam, also known as the First Fitna broke out in Islam during the rule of the fourth caliph Ali and lasted throughout his caliphate. The third caliph Uthman ibn Affan had been murdered by rebel Muslim groups who had political motives. After Ali took over, the most important problem he faced was that of punishing those responsible for murder. However many people felt that before accepting the position of the caliph, Ali should have focussed his attention on finding and punishing the murderers. A group of people led by Muhammad’s wife Aisha, her brothers in law Talhah and Zubair ibn al-Awam refused to recognize Ali’s caliphate. They instead raised an army which met Ali’s army at Basra in Iraq, originally for the purposes of negotiations. In the night, some fighting broke out, probably out of confusion or due to rebel groups who were involved in the infamous murder. This led to the Battle of Bassorah (also known as Battle of the Camel) in which Ali’s party emerged victorious. Aisha was escorted back to Medina honorably after the battle by Ali.

This battle however did not entirely finish the tension in the Muslim empire. Ali was soon challenged by Muawiyah, the governor of the Muslim provinces of Syria. He too raised the issue of punishing Uthman’s murderers and refused to acknowledge Ali as caliph until the issue had been solved. Muawiyah was a kinsman of Uthman and his army pledged to bring to justice the murderers and those who sheltered them. People who are sheltering the murderers was a reference to Ali and his followers. Accordingly, the two groups met and fought a battle, called the Battle of Siffin. This battle ended in a draw and so both groups decided on arbitration which also didn’t lead to any concrete decision. Another group of Muslims, The Kharijites who had previously been with Ali, meanwhile rejected him because they felt that he was not following true Islam and conducting business over the caliphate as if it were his own property.

In the following years Ali’s governors could not prevent his losing provinces to Muawiyah who increased his strength by further expanding his army. Ali had shifted the capital of the caliphate from Medina to Kufa in 656. He was killed by a Kharijite assassin in 661.

Source : Wikipedia.org